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Pope Pius XII and China
(詳細はHoly See with China from 1939-1958. It begins with the recognition of Chinese rites by the Vatican in 1939, the elevation of the first Chinese cardinal in 1946, the establishment of a Chinese hierarchy, the persecution and virtual elimination of the Catholic Church in the early 1950s, and the establishment of a patriotic, socialist Chinese Church, independent of Rome in 1957.
== Chinese rites ==
For centuries, access to the people of China was difficult for the Catholic Church because it did not recognize their Confucian customs of honouring deceased family members. To the Chinese this was an ancient ritual but to the Vatican it was a religious exercise which conflicted with Catholic dogma. As a result the Church made little progress in China. Within a year of his election, Pope Pius XII made a dramatic change in policy. At his request, the Sacred Congregation of the Propagation of Faith issued new instruction on December 8, 1939, by which Chinese customs were considered superstitious no longer, but instead an honourable way of esteeming ones relatives and therefore permitted to Catholic Christians.〔Smit 195〕 The Papal decree changed the ecclesiastical situation in China, and the Nationalist Government of China established diplomatic relations with the Vatican in June 1942, with the first Minister presenting his credentials in January 1943.〔Smit 197〕〔(Chen Fang-Chung, ''Lou Tseng-Tsiang: A Lover of His Church and of His Country'' )〕 As the Church began to flourish, Pius established a local ecclesiastical hierarchy and received Archbishop Thomas Tien Ken-sin SVD into the Sacred College of Cardinals 〔 and later elevated him to the See of Peking.
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